Medicine: Portfolio Tasks Essay

Portfolio Task: Module 1 â€Å"Effective study skills are the sole foundation of a sound education†. Study skills or study strategies are approaches applied to learning. They are generally critical to success in school, considered essential for acquiring good grades, and useful for learning throughout one’s life. Study skills are fundamental to academic competence. Effective study skills are associated with positive outcomes across multiple academic content areas and for diverse learners. Study skills improve the competences associated with acquiring recording, organizing, remembering and using information. These skills also contribute to success in both employment and non – academic settings. Studying is often an individual activity and what works for one student with regards to study may not work for someone else. Self regulation is an important aspect of study skills. Having the ability to goal set, work towards deadlines and have persistence in the subject the student is studying will help achieve success. In effect good studiers are good strategy users, they know how to use a variety of goal specific tactics, to execute them in a planned requence and monitor their use. A sufficient amount of time needs to be dedicated to studying to achieve the best outcome. Effective study skills may also help with issues such as confidence and organisational skills which are used in every day activities some students take notes whilst they are reading to help them understand what they are reading. Others students may wish to â€Å"think about† as it helps students to understand and retain information. Many students find that by repeating information they retain it. There is little doubt that no two people study the same way, and it is a near certainty that what works for one person may not work for another. The results of poor study skills are wasted time, frustration, and low or failing grades. It’s your life, your time, and your future. Effective study skills must be practiced in order for you to improve. It is not enough to simply â€Å"think about† studying; you have to actually do it, and in the process use information from what you do t o get better. http://www.wikihow.com/Improve-Your-Study-Skills http://psychcentral.com/lib/top-10-most-effective-study-habits/000599 http://www.adprima.com/studyout.htm http://www.palgrave.com/skills4study/studyskills/learning/effective.asp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_skills Portfolio Task: Module 2 â€Å"Briefly describe the importance of the interaction between the respiratory and cardiovascular systems in maintaining the body s internal balance†. When you breathe in air through your mouth and nose it travels to your lungs. Oxygen from the air is absorbed into your bloodstream through your lungs. Your heart then pumps oxygen-rich (oxygenated) blood through a network of blood vessels (arteries) to tissues including your organs, muscles and nerves, all around your body. When blood reaches the capillaries in your tissues it releases oxygen, which cells use to function. Cells release waste products, such as carbon dioxide and water, which your blood absorbs and carries away. The used (deoxygenated) blood then travels through your veins and back towards your heart. Your heart pumps the deoxygenated blood back to your lungs, where it absorbs fresh oxygen, releases the carbon dioxide and the cycle starts again. The primary function of the respiratory system is to supply the blood with oxygen in order for the blood to deliver oxygen to all parts of the body. The respiratory system does this through breathing. When we breathe, we inhal e oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide. This exchange of gases is the respiratory system’s means of getting oxygen to the blood. Respiration is achieved through the mouth, nose, trachea, lungs, and diaphragm. Oxygen enters the respiratory system through the mouth and the nose. The oxygen then passes through the larynx (where speech sounds are produced) and the trachea which is a tube that enters the chest cavity. In the chest cavity, the trachea splits into two smaller tubes called the bronchi. Each bronchus then divides again forming the bronchial tubes. The bronchial tubes lead directly into the lungs where they divide into many smaller tubes which connect to tiny sacs called alveoli. The average adult’s lungs contain about 600 million of these spongy, air-filled sacs that are surrounded by capillaries. The inhaled oxygen passes into the alveoli and  then diffuses through the capillaries into the arterial blood. Meanwhile, the waste-rich blood from the veins releases its carbon dioxide into the alveoli. T he carbon dioxide follows the same path out of the lungs when you exhale. The diaphragm’s job is to help pump the carbon dioxide out of the lungs and pull the oxygen into the lungs. The diaphragm is a sheet of muscles that lies across the bottom of the chest cavity. As the diaphragm contracts and relaxes, breathing takes place. When the diaphragm contracts, oxygen is pulled into the lungs. When the diaphragm relaxes, carbon dioxide is pumped out of the lungs. The cardiovascular system is part of the larger circulatory system, which circulates fluids throughout the body. The circulatory system includes both the cardiovascular system and the lymphatic system. The cardiovascular system moves blood throughout the body, and the lymphatic system moves lymph, which is a clear fluid that’s similar to the plasma in blood. Blood contains nutrients from the foods you eat and oxygen from the air you breathe. It also contains hormones and cells that fight infection. The blood also transports waste products to various places that then promptly remove the waste from the body. The parts of the cardiovascular system include the heart, which is the organ that pumps the blo od, and a network of blood vessels: Arteries: The blood vessels that take blood away from the heart Veins: Blood vessels that return blood to the heart Capillaries: Very small vessels that lie between the arteries and veins The portal vein and its tributaries carry blood from parts of the digestive system to the liver before reaching the heart. The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers inside: the right and left atria and the right and left ventricles. Those four chambers allow the heart to pump blood through the following two circulatory pathways: Systemic circulation: Takes oxygen-rich blood to the tissues and organs of the body Pulmonary circulation: Takes oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs and oxygen-rich blood back to the heart again. 1. The left ventricle of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium. 2. Blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta, a large artery. The ascending aorta sends blood to the upper thorax, upper extremities, neck, and head. The descending aorta sends blood to the lower thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower extremities. 3. The blood leaves the ascending and descending parts of the aorta and enters a network  of systemic arteries that run to all places of the body. 4. Blood passes from the smallest arteries (called arterioles) into the capillary beds. In the capillary beds, blood exchanges oxygen, nutrients, and waste products with the tissues. 5. The oxygen-poor blood leaves the capillary beds via small veins (called venules) and drains into a network of systemic veins that eventually lead to the venae cavae (either of the two large veins leading into the heart). The superior vena cava receives blood from the upper thorax, head, neck, and upper extremities. The inferior vena cava receives blood from the lower thorax, the abdomen, the pelvis, and the lower extremities. 6. The venae cavae empty the oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium of the heart. After systemic circulation, the blood in the right atrium is depleted of oxygen, so it needs to go to the lungs to exchange carbon dioxide for oxygen. The pathway from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart is called pulmonary circulation, and it takes the following path: 1. The right ventricle receives the oxygen-depleted blood from the right atrium. 2. The blood leaves the right ventricle and enters the pulmonary trunk, which splits into two pulmonary arteries. 3. The pulmonary arteries lead to the lungs, where exchange of gases takes place. Carbon dioxide is removed from the blood, and oxygen enters the blood. 4. Blood leaves the lungs via the pulmonary veins.  The pulmonary veins carry freshly oxygenated blood to the heart while the systemic veins carry oxygen-poor blood to the heart. 5. The oxygenated blood enters the left atrium of the heart. The blood in the left atrium moves into the left ventricle and enters the systemic circulation. http://www.fi.edu/learn/heart/systems/respiration.html http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/circulatory-system/MM00636 http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/what-is-the-cardiovascular-system.html Portfolio Task: Module 3 â€Å"When you ask a patient to plantar flex a foot, what changes occur within the muscles involved?† Plantar flexion is the movement which increases the approximate 90 degree angle between the front part of the foot and the skin, as when depressing an automobile pedal or standing on the tip toes. The movement in the opposite  direction is dorsifexion, where the dorsal part (top) of the foot is moved in a manner towards the tibia. It ocurs at the ankle. The range of motion for planter flexion is usually indicated in the lterature as 30 to 40 degree, but sometimes also 50 degree. The nerves are primarily from the sacral spinal cord roots S1 and S2. Compression of S1 roots may result in weakness in plantar flexion. These nerves run from the lower back to the bottom of the foot. Plantar flexion is the movement of the foot away from the body by bending the ankle. The joints in the ankle are highly involved in plantar flexion.  Ankle movement is made possible by the meeting of three bones: tibia (shinbone or leg), fibula (the small bone in leg) and the talus (a large bone in foot). The end of tibiaconstitutes the inner postion of the ankle, wheareas the outer portoon of the ankle is formed by fibula. The ony bulges on either side of toe ankle are called malleoli which aid is stability of the ankle, joints while standing or walking. Primary muscles for plantar flexion are: Posterior compartment of leg Superficial Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris (only weak participation) Deep Flexor hallucis longus Flexor digitorum longus Tibialis posterior Lateral compartment of leg (only weak participation) Fibularis longus Fibularis brevis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plantarflexion#Flexion_and_extension_of_the_foot Portfolio Task: Module 4 â€Å"A patient comes in with a hot inflamed toe, how does the circulatory system contribute to this process?† When inflammation occurs in the toes it can be caused by a number of conditions, such as gout, rheumatoid arthritis, bunions, bursitis, or ingrown toenails. Toe inflammation is typically a protective measure that the body takes in reaction to injury or the presence of bacteria. This is generally a normal occurrence and it is a part of the natural way that the body heals. It may also be incorrectly triggered by certain conditions or diseases. Gout, which is a type of arthritic condition, is one of the more common causes of toeinflammation. Symptoms of gout often affect the big toe, in which case it may be referred to as podagra. The inflammation is a result of excess uric acid building up in the toe joint. Inflammation that is caused by gout is often seen in people who are overweight, diabetic, havekidney disease, or that are taking certain medications. Toe inflammation may also be caused by the autoimmune disease known as rheumatoid arthritis. For people with this condition, their body’s immune system attacks tissue that is healthy as opposed to responding to injury or bacteria. When this occurs at the toe joints, the result is inflammation. Eventually this will cause other toe problems that can lead to changes that affect a person’s ability to walk and wear most types of shoes. Inflammation is at the root of the most serious complications that occur after infection and injury. But while the course of molecular events leading to microbial infection of the inflammatory condition called sepsis is fairly well understood, is much less clear how and why physical injury can result in an inflammatory response similar dangerous. The process of acute inflammation is initiated by cells already present in all tissues, mainly resident macrophages, dendritic cells, histiocytes, Kupffer cells and mast cells. At the onset of infection, burns or other injury, these cells are activated and release inflammatory mediators responsible for clinical signs of inflammation. Vasodilation and increased blood flow resulting causes redness (rubor) and heat gain (heat), increased permeability of blood vessels produce an exudation (output) of plasma proteins and fluid in the tissues (edema), which manifests as a swelling (tumor). Some of the released mediators such as bradykinin increased pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia, pain). Mediator molecules also alters the blood vessels to allow migration of leukocytes, primarily neutrophils, outside the blood vessels (extravasation) in the tissue.  Neutrophils migrate along a chemotactic gradient created by local cells to reach the site of injury. The loss of function (functio Laesa) is probably the result of a neurological reflex in response to pain. In addition to cell-derived mediators, several acellular biochemical cascade systems is preformed plasma protein s act in parallel to initiate and propagate the inflammatory response. These include the complement system activated by the bacteria, and the systems of coagulation and fibrinolysis activated by necrosis, such as a burn or trauma. Human tissues respond to trauma by a complex series of events that have yet to be fully understood. This trauma may be mechanical, thermal, photo or chemical, or brought about through allergic or autoimmune events. If blood vessels have been injured, damaged platelets will activate the clotting cascade. Damaged tissues will release chemical messengers, which start the inflammatory process. In health, sequential phases of proliferation, maturation and repair of the damaged tissue follow inflammation. Blood cells and platlets, the immune system and nerves, chemical transmitters, and tissue cells such as macrophages are among the tissues and systems involved in inflammation. The molecular and cellular events during inflammation flow into and overlap with one with the other. Initially, neutrophils arrive, followed by macrophages, lymphocites and then fibroblasts, which lay down collagen. Epithelial cells migrate on from wound edges over the newly laid down dermis and healing is complete. Healing by first intention will close over 2 – 5 days; a wound healing by second intention will take longer, the time taken depending on the tissue area that needs to be filled in and covered. The predominance and sequence of mediator release will allow different types of inflammatory response to occur. The classic and clinical features of inflammation are redness, heat, swelling and pain; loss of function is sometimes included in this list. These features are brought about through chemical/inflammatory mediators released from damaged tissues. The main effects of these mediators are on the blood supply, causing vasodilation (redness and heat) and increased blood vessel permeability that allow plasma proteins and immunoglobulins to pass easily into the tissues. Pressure or nerve endings from the  interstitial fluid and the effect of some inflammatory mediators such as substance P and prostaglandins cause pain. Hot inflamed toe it is might be acute or chronic inflammation. Acute inflammation is the initial response of the body to harmful stimuli and is by the increaced movement of plasma and leukocytes from the blood into the injured tissues. A coscade of biochemical events propagates and matures the inflammatory response, involving the local vascular system, the immune system, and various cells within the injured tissue. Chronic inflammation leads to a progressive shift in the type of cells present at the site of inflammation and is characterized by simultaneous destruction and healing of the tissue from the inflammatory process. The respiratory system gets the oxygen it needs and the circulatory system bring the oxygen along with many other products in the blood to the toe. The digestive system helps obtain nutrients for the toe which the blood brings as part of the circulatory system. http://lyceum.algonquincollege.com/lts/AandPResources/videos/2-4_Inflammatory.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflammation http://www.researchomatic.com/essay/Role-Of-Circulatory-System-Inflammatory-Response-56305.aspx http://www.wisegeek.com/what-causes-toe-inflammation.htm Portfolio task: Module 5 â€Å"Discuss the possible presenting symptoms after a hard knock on the leg in the area behind the knee†. A hard knock on the leg to the area behind the knee would certainly be painful. A hard knock to the posterior of the knee could cause many symptoms, depending on the severity of the hit and how long ago it occured. The knee could be swollen or bruiced. Range of motion may be less, or painful. The person may limp or be unable to fear weight. The kneecap could be displaced. The patient will likely complain of moderate to severe pain. Because the knee is not meant to be hyper-extended, the person should go to an ER for X-ray or other imaging. Might be the inability to properly bend or  straighten the knee. Elevate the leg. Alternate between warm moist heat and ice. To help keep the swelling is check, use an ace bandage to supportthe knee. Dont wrap so tightly that it causes indentantion in the skin. Area behind the knee called the popliteal forsa. The nerves most important nerve travelling throught this area is the popliteal nerve that travels to the lower leg and foot and allowing both sensation and motor strength. Injury to the popliteal nerve can cause numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in the lower leg, ankle and foot. Vascular injury could cause a bleed from either popliteal artery or vein causing a hematoma or blood pool that could causesignificant pain in the area. The main types of injury could include soft tissue, muscle, nerve and artery/vein , ligaments and menesci. A skin and soft tissue injury could include a mild contusion with some redness or brusing. Serathes may occur. If there is a deeper penetration and not appropriate would care, an infection could form causing a skin and soft tissue infection known as a cellulitis. Injury to the muscle could include a tear of the plantaris muscle which travels throught the area of the popliteal fossa. tear of this muscle will not result in too much deformity or motor deficits, but can cause significant pain. The hamstrings insert near the region of the popliteal fossa and could be affected as well causing pain, but unlikely deformity or decreased range of motion. Damage to the ligaments can result in severe pain and disability. The posterior cruciate ligament and the lateral ligaments: the medial collateral ligament and the lateral collateral ligament commonly occur with injury during sports and can cause severe disabling pain and motor dysfunction. These are the main ligaments that allow for smooth motion during knee flexion and extension and a tear which occurs commonly often requires invasive surgical repair. Finally the menisci which are cartilaginous structures found inside the knee joint that allow for smooth movement of the bones in the leg. A meniscal tear can occur in a sports  accident as above with the ligamentous injuries and cause significant pain and decreased range of motion at the knee. This may likewise require surgical evaluation and correction to restore function and eliminate pain. Because the knee is a complicated region and the back of it has many important structures including veins, arteries, nerves, and muscle components, a hard knock to the knee can be extremely debilitating and should be avoided whenever possible. Protection of the knee with appropriate gear is critical when dangerous activities are being attempted. http://www.justanswer.com/medical/5lrvt-500-words-referenced-study-following-discuss-possible.html http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826792-clinical Portfolio Task: Module 6 Write a proparly referenced essay on the treatment and management of a patient with corns When we walk or stand or body weigh is carried first on the heel and then on the ball of the foot where the skin is thicker to withstand the pressure. When this pressure becomes intense, growth in the form of corns and callus may appear. Corns always occur over a bony prominence, such as a joint. A corn is a small areas of hard skin, roughly round in shape, which press into the skin. They are often found over high-pressure areas of the foot.  There are five different types of corns. The two most common are hard and soft corns. Hard corns the most common and appears as small, concentrated areas of hard skin up to the size of a small pea, usually within a wider area of thickened skin or callous, and can be symptoms of feet or toes not functioning properly. Soft corns develop in a similar way to hard corns. They are whitish and rubbery in texture, and appear between toes, where the skin is moist fromsweat or from inadequate drying. A podiatrist will be able to reduce the bulk of the corns and apply antringents to cut down on sweat  retentionbetween the toes. If a corn is left untreated it will become painful. A corn will not get better on its own unless the pressure that originally caused the corn is removed. If the cause is not removed then the skin will continue to thicken and become more painful. After some time the body may treat the corn as a foreign body and an ulcer or abscess could develop. These can be serious, especially if they become infected. Infection is a very serious complication for individuals with diabetes, poor circulation and peripheral neuropathy. There are many over the counter corn remedies and plasters that are readily available. These, however, do not treat the cause of the corn and can be risky in many individuals such as those with diabetes, poor circulation, frail skin etc. Podiatric management of corns at Podiatry includes: a thorough assessment to determine the cause of the corn implementation of a management / treatment plan Management plans for the treatment of corns commonly consist of: maintenance appointments to keep the corn reduced use of padding to prevent the pressure footwear fitting advice provision of foot orthotics or supports to relieve the pressure under the foot surgical correction of the bony prominence that may be causing the high pressure area Most corns and calleures gradually disappear when the friction or preassure stops, although doctor (cheropodist) may shave the top of a calleus to reduce the thickners. Properly positionece moleskin pads can help relieve pressure on a corn. There are also special corn and callus removal liquids and plasters, usually containing saliaytic acid, but there are not suitable everyone. Oral antibiotics generally clear up infected corns, but pus may have to be drained through a small incision. Moisturising creams may help the skin and remove cracked callures. Apply the misturiing cream to the callus and cover the area for 30-60 minutes with a  plastic bag or a rock. Than gently rub off as much of the callus as you can with a worm towel or soft brush. Using the pumice stone first to rub off a dead skin from a callus after a bath or shower and talk applying moisturaising cream can also be effective. There are also stronger creams containing urea that might be more effective, but do not use these unless recommended by doctor or cheropodist.  May consider surgery to remove a planter callus, but there are no guarantees that the callus will not come back. A conservative approach is best initially. Keep your feet dry and friction – free. Wear proparly fitted shoes and cotton socks, rather then wool or synthetic fibres that might irritate the skin. If a podiatrist thinks your corn or callus i caused by abnormal foot structure your walking motion or hip rotation, orthopaedic shoe inserts or surgery to correct foot deformitie may help correct the problem. When complete reduction of the corn is achievied than 25% or 50% silver nitrate solution may be applied. Example of products that can be used to treat corns and callus include: special rehydratation creams for thickened skin; protective corn plasters; customosed soft padding or foam insoles; small foam wedges that are placed between the toes to help relieve soft corns; special silicone wedges that change the position of your toes or redistribute pressure. http://www.manchesterpodiatry.co.uk/chiropody/corns.html http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1089807-treatment

Legal Framework

The Law of a particular state is the body of rules designed to regulate human conduct within that state. This can be defined clearly as an organized system of principles and rules designed to control and influence the conduct of individuals and groups. The aim of most legal systems, officially at least, is to provide a means of influenced by the major forces that shaped the society in which they operate. Consequently there are three types of rule:Rules, which forbid certain types of behavior under threat of penalty. Rules, which require people to compensate others whom they injure in certain ways. Rules, which specify what must be done in order certain types of human activity, example: to form a company, to marry, or to make a will. Although it is inevitable that the courts will make some rules, Parliament is the sovereign body. It can therefore impose new rules or abolish any existing rules. The basic role of the courts is to interpret these rules, decide whether they have been Rose n and pass sentence or make an award of compensation.Law and Morality The law, which is enforced by the courts, must be distinguished from what is sometimes referred to as ‘natural' or ‘moral' law. In many cases the rules of law and morality clearly coincide. Example: If a person murders another, this offends both law and morality. The state will therefore punish the offender. Sometimes, however, the rules of law and morality are not the same. Example: Homosexual behavior in private between consenting adults is not illegal although some people might regard it as a breach of moral law.The term ‘natural law is sometimes used to refer to rules, which although not enacted are accepted as part of the legal system. Example: The right of both sides to be heard (or to remain silent), and the principle that an accused person is innocent until proven guilty. Law and Justice The basic aim of law is the attainment of Justice in society. However, in some situations the degree o f Justice hoped for is not achieved. Example 1 : Compensation for injuries usually depends on proving that someone else s at fault.If a person is injured due to his own fault, or in a ‘pure' accident where no one is at fault, he will not receive compensation unless he is insured. This inequality Example 2: The rules regarding mistake and misrepresentation in the formation of a contract often operate to determine which of two innocent parties must bear all of the loss. The loss is not divided equality, case to be referred LEWIS v AVERY (1971). Example 3: Sentencing policies applied by magistrates in different areas often result n substantially different sentences for very similar offences.Conclusion It would therefore be an oversimplification to say that most people obey the law because it is Just, or because it coincides with their view of which is morally correct. Law is also closely related to force and authority and these relationships would have to be examined in order to properly explain the intrinsic nature of law, and to find out why most people obey the law. Therefore law is the most ambitious and complex classification system devised by man.

Level of evidence Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Level of evidence - Term Paper Example When each study is completed, recommendations are made and results used to update the policies and procedures. For example, in validation of evidence for a clinical intervention for a particular disease, its results are important as the procedure regarding the treatment for the disease will be updated immediately. All policies and procedures are reviewed annually. The management of the health institution is the overall in charge in ensuring all policies and procedures are based on evidence. There are policies and procedures manual for the health institutions. The manual outlines each procedure and policy in detail, giving information on which particular individual is responsible. For example, there is a policy regarding the criteria to approve or exempt human subject research. The policy will indicate the scope, purpose and criteria, indicating the concerned department and personnel. The level of evidence indicates the type of study used in order to effectively make an evaluation of the intervention effect. This will be used to decide on whether the evidence is appropriate. The types of evidence accepted as appropriate are based on three factors namely, whether there is any real effect of the evidence, the relevance of the effect and the size of the effect. The strength of the evidence assesses the effectiveness of an intervention in clinical practice. There are different types of bias that can be detected in any study that can affect the outcome. Each type of study done can indicate the degree of bias. The methods used for the study determines the quality of the evidence in order to minimize bias within the particular study. The sources of bias for each study need to be determined. There are different types of bias such as selection bias or publication bias. Various questions need to be addressed as to how the sample was selected, whether the characteristics of the

Nike and Adidas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Nike and Adidas - Essay Example Umbro, Hurley as well as Cole Haan are owned by Nike whereas Reebok, Tylor and Rockport are owned by Adidas. As introduced above, Nike and Adidas are the most popular companies in the world that produce sportswear. Both of their popularity is so significant in the world that they are perceived as household names. Both companies have also the same targets; their target involves people who love sports. Just like Nike, Adidas has also an international awareness because of its sponsorship to professional athletes as well as athletic teams. Adidas cuts its production cost by using low wage labor. The strategies used by the two sports giants in order to win more customers are very similar. For instance, it is evident that both are working extensively towards reducing their costs of production. It is also evident that they both take part in sponsoring different professionals and sports. Additionally, it is also evident that they produced different designs of sportswear so as to capture the interest of their customers. Nike is widely known in the world of not only their sponsorship, but also because of their expansion of their target market to individuals who participate in basketball as well as running. This is evidenced by the contract it signed with a famous basket ball player, Michael Jordan so that he can be its spokesperson. Additionally, it also signed a seven year contract with tennis player Serena Wiulliams so that he can market it in the world. Unlike in the past in which their market was solely domestic (the U.S.), their market has expanded internationally. In addition to changing shoe designs frequently, Nike has also created new appearance of shoes to capture the attention of the bored customers so as to stay ahead of its competitors. In addition to Nike using oversees factories in producing its products; it also maintains a close relationship with its suppliers so as to minimize costs as much as

Industrial Relations in UK and Japan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Industrial Relations in UK and Japan - Essay Example The term 'industrial relations' came into common use in Britain and North America during the 1920s. It has been joined by personnel management and, since the 1980s, human resource management (HRM). All there denote a particular activity (the management of people) and the area of academic enquiry. It covers relationship between manger and worker in all spheres of economic activity. The focus is employment: all forms of economic activity in which an employee works under the authority of an employer and receives a wage in return for his or her labour. Industrial relations thus excludes domestic labour and also self-employed and professionals who work under own account. Most studies of industrial relations have focused on the intuitions involved with the collective bargaining, arbitration and other forms of job regulation. However, we see industrial relations as dealing with all aspects of employee relationship including human resource management. Although the study of employment relations focuses on the regulation of work, it must take into account of the wider economic and social influences on the relative power of capital and labour and the interaction of the employers, workers, their collective organizations and the state. Adam (1988) sees industrial relations as having a dual character: it is both an interdisciplinary and a separate discipline in its own right'. Adopting an internationally comparative approach to employment relations not only insight from several disciplines but also knowledge of different national context. In this paper I will try to examine the ways in which comparative analysis can contribute to an understanding of the factors that shape national patterns of employment relations and identify the main features of two different countries. Industrial relations system Perhaps the most famous conceptual framework is Dunlop's (1958) notion of an 'industrial relations system'. Dunlop argues that the industrial relations system includes three sets of 'actors' and their representative organizations (the three parties): employers, workers and the state. These parties' relations are determined by three environmental context: the technology; market forces; and the relative power and status of the parties. Employment relations UK The United Kingdom has a total population of 60 million people and a labour force participation rate of 75 percent. The UK has fewer people employed in agriculture than any other Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) country. About 27 percent of its other civilian population employees work in the industry. The remaining 70 percent work in service. There has been a greater decline in its 'industry' category since 1970 than any other OECD country. In spite the relative growth of services, there was steep rise in unemployment. 12 percent in the year 1986 before subsequently falling to 7 percent in the late 1990s. British politics has been dominated by two parties since 1945. The Conservative Party's support is strongest among the business and rural communities. By contrast, the Labour Party's support is traditionally strongest in the urban working class communities, through this has broadened. A significant but reducing proportion of its fund still comes from affiliated trade unions. There are several other political parties, including Liberal Democrats and nationalist parties

The Minister's Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne Research Proposal

The Minister's Black Veil by Nathaniel Hawthorne - Research Proposal Example veil, a message regarding the power of the symbol itself as a symbol and the importance of considering individual interpretation as a part of this meaning. Nathanial Hawthorne wrote from a deep immersion in the Puritan world, having had ancestors that landed on North American soil with a Bible in one hand and a sword in the other, ready to tame the wilderness (Swisher, 1996). His hometown of Salem, Massachusetts was the setting for the most brutal witch trials documented in this country and his education reinforced the beliefs espoused by such trials and the religion that made them possible. These influences figured strongly in his writings, often forming the basis of his tales. This is true whether he was writing short stories or longer novels, whether he was writing of times long past or of a more contemporary period and whether he set his stories in his homeland or moved them all the way across the sea into Italy. The way that Hawthorne used this influence reveals a deep questioning of the validity of the beliefs to which he’d been raised to adhere (Erlich, 1984). Few of his stories offer straight-forward tales that are easil y understood on first reading. Some, like his short story â€Å"The Minister’s Black Veil†, leave a great deal open for speculation. The meaning of the minister’s black veil has been debated since the story was first printed, but it seems clear that the veil is intended to symbolize something much greater than a quick assessment might imply. The story itself seems simple enough. It opens as the village people are called to the church for a normal Sunday mass and the minister emerges wearing a heavy black veil. The veil permits his mouth and chin to be seen, being just long enough to be touched by his breath, but keeps his eyes constantly shrouded from the rest of the world. The congregation responds to this strange appearance of their minister as he takes his place in the church, delivers his sermon and then attempts to

Crime prevention and Crime Rates Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime prevention and Crime Rates - Coursework Example I used the data that was easily available on both factors. The data I chose was for the period between 2003 and 2014. I pursued annual data for analysis as it was easy and provided a broader view to the situation. After the data was gathered, I used https://datawrapper.de to visualize it. In anticipation, I removed the extra data available on the excel sheets of governmental records and omitted unnecessary details that was available. I chose to make two different bar charts using the options available at the website. After the data was gathered, I used https://datawrapper.de to visualize it. In anticipation, I removed the extra data available on the excel sheets of governmental records and omitted unnecessary details that was available. I chose to make two different bar charts using the options available at the website. After the completion of the visualization process, I took screenshots and used them for investigation and critical analysis. I believe that Daily Express will be a suitable publication for this news to enlighten UK population on the relationship between Police workforce and the recorded crime rates.

Reflection Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 11

Reflection Paper - Essay Example In my final media project, I have selected human sensory organs as the tools to convey the theme of my project. These tools are human eyes, nose, mouth and hands. These images are all paper cutting from different magazines. The participant is asked to paste these images on a blank canvas having blindfolded eyes. The reason for blocking the sight of the participant was actually to make a clear distinction between sight and feeling. Having blindfolded eyes the participant would feel these image cuttings without the help of eyes. The basic reason for putting all the image cuttings on one canvas is to give a brief concept of new media. These days the media is also playing the same role of putting all things at one place. For this reason I have selected this theme to truly present the picture of media. This may include social websites also. These websites, which actually called as the social networking sites are now used for any purpose. Businesses are using them to advertise their products. People use them to expand their social relationships. All the activity has been done blindfolded. Therefore I can assure my viewers that the outcome of this project is the true depiction of the participant’s feelings about the image cuttings. The essence of the project was to feel the image and then paste it on the canvas as they want to see it. I must say that I am successful to achieve my expected outcomes as the resultant canvas is the perfect picture as I expected. There is no regularity in the pasting of the image cuttings of the sensory organs and that is what I want to show that Media is playing the same role. Sometimes there is no connection between content of different programs but still people follow them in a blindfolded manner. The reason for using magazine cuttings as the tool in my media project is that I want to depict media in the form of the magazine. The technique of appropriation says that using one object to convey the message of other and in my

How Is the Power of Dreams and Dreaming in the Novel of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

How Is the Power of Dreams and Dreaming in the Novel of Mice and Men Essay The idea of moving from one place to another, working hard and trying to raise the quality of life for you and your loved ones is known as The American Dream. Steinbeck invites us to understand how having this dream keeps them going despite the challenging life that each character faces. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck makes this dream the main focus of the story for both the reader and characters. George’s dream is to have independence and to go into town and get whatever I want but most importantly he dreams of being somebody. On the other hand, Lennie aspires to be with George and to tend the rabbits. Ultimately, George and Lennie both wanted to have a little house and couple of acres an a cow and some pigs however, George only tells Lennie about their dream to comfort Lennie. This is shown when Lennie says No You tell it. It aint the same if I tell it. Go on George. How do I get to tend the rabbits. It is only after they all realised that together, this thing they never believed in was coming true Even though the dream is very important to George as well, Steinbeck portrays Lennie as someone who wants the dream a lot more. This is shown through Lennies angry or upset feelings when he feels like he has done something that would jeopardise their dream. George uses this to his advantage to threaten and control Lennie by blackmailing him, If you do, I wont let you tend the rabbits. Consequently, Lennie tries to please George and to gain his approval as much as possible. Another way in which Steinbeck shows the power of dreams and dreaming in the novel is through how much they want it. Steinbeck portrays each character’s desperation through their lifestyle. The dream that each character has reflects what is missing from their life. George and Crooks are both very desperate about this dream because they both want their current lives to be like their past. This is shown when, for a second, George loses track of the present and says â€Å"we’d keep a few pigeons to go flyin’ around the win’mill like they done when I was a kid† which is referring back to his childhood. Similarly, Crooks wants to return to his past. â€Å"The white kids used to play at our place, an’ sometimes I went to play with them. † This shows that Crooks used to be well respected and equal within his community. After all, Crooks â€Å"ain’t a southern negro†; however, he is not treated well at the ranch, therefore, the dream provides comfort for Crooks. Although George wants to return to his childhood, there is a deeper meaning to his dream. George wants to â€Å"just say the hell with goin’ to work† because unlike Candy, George doesn’t want to stay at the ranch too long so he would get ‘canned’. For George, the dream means that â€Å"nobody could can us† Furthermore, George doesn’t want to have to keep moving because he would â€Å"jus live there† and â€Å"belong there. There wouldnt be no more runnin round the country and gettin fed by a Jap cook. † This suggests that he’ll be his own boss. A result of being a migrant worker, no one at the ranch has any friends, which is why Crooks was surprised to hear that Lennie had George. For George and Lennie, the dream of having their own land provides a stable home that will eventually gain them friends and family. On the other hand, Crooks is very pessimistic about the possibility of a dream becoming a reality because he has been segregated in the ranch for as long as he can remember. His cynicism has led him to believe â€Å"Its just in their head. Theyre all the time talkin about it, but its jus in their head. This suggests that his past experiences have affected his power to dream. Steinbeck reinforces the power of dreaming within the novel, as he shows every character’s reaction when they all realise that there is a possibility of George and Lennie’s dream becoming reality. â€Å"They looked at each other, amazed. This thing they had never really believed in was coming true. Once they believed that the dream is a possibility, the tension is ramped up. Suddenly there is something to lose and something to fight for. This massively enhances the power that the dream has over each character and for a while the feeling of doom is lessened. The reader wants to know if each character can escape the curse they seem to be under and reach their goals. For Lennie and candy the dream would provide an exciting opportunity, as both characters are not worth mu ch in the real world. The dream would provide them a chance of appreciation. To Lennie, the dream is an antidote to disappointment and loneliness, and he often asks George to recite the description of the farm to him for comfort. Like a child, he loved the hear George telling him to â€Å"tend the rabbits† correspondingly for Candy it would make him feel more important as he can â€Å"cook and tend the chickens and hoe the garden some† Even though Curley’s Wife was the reason that the dream fell apart, she had big dreams to be in â€Å"pitchers† Unsatisfied by her surly husband, she constantly lurks around the barn, trying to engage the workers in conversation. However, although she may come across as very flirtatious, she only flirts with the men for attention. Which is what her dream would have provided her if she didn’t marry Curley. Shes so lonely, and so desparate for the attention of the men at the ranch that she even flirts with Lennie as she leans â€Å"closely† at him to â€Å"see if she was impressing him† To look in more detail about how Steinbeck shows the power of the dreams, take each individual character and how they all act to their dreams ending. For example, Steinbeck has made Curley very bitter after the realisation of his dreams ending when Candy’s wife is killed by Lennie. His bitterness shows how much the dream meant to him and how he needed it because he is old and disabled so he will probably get ‘canned’ soon, He shuffles out of the barn which that he has given up all hope, almost given up on life.

Sample of Cdr Templet Essay Example for Free

Sample of Cdr Templet Essay Objective Seeking a professional position in the field of electrical power engineering utilizing my technical and commercial experience and interpersonal skills, I prefer working in an innovative environment with possibility of further career development. Education University degree: Bachelor of science, Electrical power and machines section, Ain Shams University, June 1999 Overall grade: Good Project grade: Distinction Position: 17th of the successful students totalling (231) Current job since December 2004 Working for XXXXXXXX- DUBAI UAE as a senior projects engineer in the project Management Department, covering Gulf countries (UAE, Kuwait, Qatar, Oman and Bahrain). Where my achievements and accountabilities are: ? Participated in establishment and development of the projects department (consultation business) in Schneider Electric Gulf. Prepared technical and commercial offers for the projects (MV, LV and packages) in different market segments. ? Strongly provided technical and commercial support to Schneider’s sales force in Gulf countries and to our agents to facilitate optimum positioning of Schneider Electric‘s offer in their Markets. ? Developed the technical tender response, in cooperation with the sales team, taking into consideration the customer needs, and managed to optimise the proposals in terms of competitive positioning to the customer which lead to profitability to the company. Followed up the contracts closely on regular basis to ensure registered margin, to meet contractual deadlines and to ensure delivery of correct equipment in accordance to customer’s requirements in time. ? Conducted and developed excel lent relations with the customers. ? February 2004 – November 2004 Working for xxxxxxx (Industrial Solutions and Services ) as a projects engineer , (CLIENT : BECHTEL Houston) in the LNG project ( liquefaction of Natural gas) ,and my accountabilities and achievements were: ? Responsible for all Bechtel’s automation tools (Setroute software and 3D Model) to achieve full co-ordination and compliance with Bechtel’s requirements as well as their reporting systems. ? Succeeded to propose optimal means to reduce equipment (materials and tools) and productivity costs. ? Provided technical support to all departments involved in the construction cycle to achieve customer satisfaction, also handling all customer’s modifications and reporting their relevant cost and delay impacts. Managed to provide solutions (drawings, BOQ, calculation notes, reports) for all electrical systems as electrical raceways, cables, lighting, earthing and switchgears. Experience This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. August 2001 to February 2004 Working for xxxxxx as a senior projects engineer in the project Management Departme nt, in the Industry, oil and gas and export Sectors (Gulf countries and East Mediterranean and south America). Where my achievements and accountabilities are ? ? ? ? ? ? Prepared technical and commercial offers for the projects in the industry, oil and gas market Segment as well as for all export jobs. Provided technical and commercial support to Schneider’s sales offices in Gulf and East Med. and to our agents to facilitate optimum positioning of Schneider Electric Egypt’s offer in their Markets. Prepared strong competing promotional and pre-qualifications files in order to penetrate new markets and to be added to suppliers lists for the huge companies in the oil and gas field in the Gulf. Responsible for achieving the annual sales budget (order intake) for the export accounts. Followed up the contracts closely on regular basis to meet contractual deadlines and to ensure delivery of correct equipment in accordance to customer’s requirements in time. Identified discrepancies between registered and actual margins, rationalized causes, and proposed improvements in the contractual process. Promoted and used standard solutions studied by the technical department to reduce production time and cost ? 12th of September 1999 to 1st of August 2001 Working for xxxxxxx as a design engineer in the design and standardisation Department where my achievements were: ? Designed Medium voltage, low voltage, power factor correction switchgears and Motor control centres (MCCs) ? Contributed to the development of optimal and economical solutions in the offer and order stage of different projects to comply with the requirements of the customer and to the international norms and standards. ? Studied and designed contracts requiring high technical knowledge to produce documents (drawings, bill of materials, calculation notes, studies and manuals) needed for the customer as well as for the manufacturing cycle. Succeeded to propose optimal means to reduce equipment and productivity costs. ? Provided technical support to all departments involved in the industrial cycle to achieve customer satisfaction. ? Managed to provide standard solutions (drawings, BOQ, programs) to be used by the company for future contracts completion. ? Resolved the non-conformities. Technical training Summer 1998 At Landis Staefa (Petrokima): included training on electrical panels m anufacturing Landis Staefa controls, and participated in some running tenders (The Meredian extension project). h th ? 15 of March to 15 of June 2000: Participated in the NRTP training program at Schneider Electric Egypt: Included training in different departments (technical office, Project Management, procurement, Quality control Department, the L. V. M. V. workshops, the sales division). ? ? This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. Software skills Microsoft office including Excel, Word, Access and power point. Haendel (Schneider’s professional drawing program). Worked intensively on professional softwares used in programming Modicon PLCs and Schneider’s microprocessor based digital multifunctional relays (Sepam range) ? ? ? ? Arabic: mother tongue English: fluent French: Fair Spoken Languages Other courses Interpersonal and soft skills as Communication skills, problem solving and decision making, negotiation skills, trainings were given by PSDP European Management Centre, held in 2001 2003. Skills and affiliations References Personal data ? Practicing sports, traveling and reading. ? References are available upon request ? ? ? ? ? Full name: xxxxx xxxxx Date of Birth: xxxxxxxx Nationality: xxxxxxxxx Marital status: Single Military Service: exempted This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. Career Episode -1 Duration : Name of employer: Designation: From October 1999 to July 2001 xxxxxx , EGYPT Electrical Design Engineer/ Project Engineer INTRODUCTION xxxxxx Egypt. s one of the best-known multinational companies and a market leader in the field of electrical equipment. The core business undertaken by the company are Electrical Engineering projects, including manufacturing, supplying, installation, commissioning and testing of electrical equipment, low voltage and medium voltage equipment, as well as control systems. 1. 1 I had the opportunity to join xxxxxx right after my graduation a s an Electrical Engineer. I had already completed the 5year full-time course in Bachelor of Electrical Engineering in Ain Shams University. The first year of the course included some papers in Mathematics, and also provided a basic knowledge of physical sciences underpinning Engineering, mechanics, and chemistry. It also provided an overview of other disciplined of Engineering. The later years concentrated more particularly on the various aspects of Electrical Engineering. Of special interest to were some papers on Electrical Machines (I and II). Included in this was the design of various Electrical machines such as Motors, Generators etc. We had to design the shaft and rotor, calculate Input and Output values, losses, and so on for the machinery. I joined xxxxxx in 1999, which is one of the market leaders in electrical switchgear manufacturing. Initially I participated in a three month training called NRTP (New Recruits’ Training Program) during which I worked with different departments (sales, project management, design office, logistics, the workshop, and the site services) to have an indepth understanding of the nature of the work undertaken by the company. On the completion of my training period, I started my responsibilities as an Electrical Design Engineer and joined the company as a permanent employee. . 2 My main responsibilities were to design, issue bill of materials and drawings for low voltage and medium voltage switchgears as well as motor control centers (MCCs), and power factor correction for projects in all market segments. 1. 3 I will detail below one of the particular tasks I was in charge of as a design engineer. It was to standardize the use of electronic motor starters (soft starters) instead of co nventional star delta starter as a starting method for squirrel cage induction motors. 1. General information regarding the project: In general, the commonly used methods of motor starting are the following: direct on line starting, star delta starting, autotransformer starters. These are the conventional methods of motor starting which depend on contactors, bi-metallic thermal overload relays†¦etc. However, electronic starters, known as ‘soft starters’, with variable speed drives using power electronics technology are rapidly replacing the old conventional starters due to various advantages to the user as well as the ease in installation. The Objective of the project were: This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. ? ? ? ? Promote the soft starter product of xxxx – (Brand name is Telemecanique). Cost reduction of motor starters of small ratings up to 15 KW. Price reduction of the MCC panels (motor control centers) which are composed of these starters. Standardize the schematic/control drawings and bill of materials to reduce time and cost of design. 1. In addition to the three months training, I had another 3 days technical specialized training on soft starters conducted by the Product manager, I also carried out an in-depth study of all the relevant catalogues and technical documents. I was well prepared to take on the full responsibility for the assigned project. My job mainly involved the following: ? Prepare standard detailed material list (BOQ) for every standard motor r ating to include all the required components with their proper quantities and part Numbers (such as the Circuit breaker, soft starter, terminal blocks, selector switch and auxiliary control relays†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦etc). Design the schematic (control circuit) where I followed the concept of value engineering which involves providing necessary functions at lowest cost, and the identification and elimination of unnecessary costs. and I prepared the complete drawing for each motor rating. Calculate the cost saving in each motor rating by comparing the prices of the conventional starter components with the electronic motor starter components. Calculate the accurate space required for each motor starter in the panel for both cases (conventional and electronic). ? ? 1. 6 In 3 weeks time the initial study was complete, and I had the complete file ready including all the Bill of quantities and drawings to be used by all the designers in their different projects. 1. 7 As shown by the study, we achieved 13% cost saving as a result of using these starters, however we had two more challenges ahead, first to increase awareness of the consultants and end-users regarding the advantages of using the electronic start ers, and secondly to further increase the cost saving by 2 or 3 % more. . 8 I started collecting data from the marketing department regarding the approximate quantities of starters required annually, market price and details of main competitors. Based on these data, I started negotiation with our soft starter supplier in France trying to get the best transfer prices. 1. 9 In few months time I was able to get our first order for MCCs including soft starters, after several technical/commercial discussions with the consultant. It was for a pharmaceutical Co. During the execution of the job, I was responsible for following up the process in the workshop to ensure we are meeting the project requirements and IEC international standards. I instructed the technicians regarding all the required precautions and installation recommendations before they started the assembly. Assembly is carried out as per the following steps: This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. ) The switchgear enclosure assembly b) Installing the main horizontal bus bars c) Then the vertical bus bars. d) Fixing the metal sheet mounting plates. e) Fixing the functional units circuit breakers. f) Fixing the motor starters (soft starters). After the switchgear manufacturing was finished, I followed up the final quality control. I had to ensure compliance to the standards and specifications by: ? ? ? ? ? Visual inspection of the switchgear Checking the compliance with the shop drawings. Mechanical checking. Checking the wiring. Testing the sequence of operation (control circuits). I also attended the customer inspection in our factory. 1. 10 As the second phase of the project, I started coordinating with the logistics department to create all the data of the components on their system, including the part numbers, full technical description, transfer prices, and also to forecast annual consumption so that we can build effective stock, as per the forecasted requirements. 1. 11 I always ensure that the technical specifications were met and the technical data sheets were well prepared. By this technique cost over-runs can be eliminated and the smooth progress of work can be ensured. 1. 12 As the number of orders with soft starters started to increase, it became necessary to provide training to all the designers. I conducted technical training sessions for the staff of the design office. As a result, the technical competency within our design team increased, and they became totally autonomous. 1. 13 We were able to achieve a high competency level internally in terms of designing, costing and logistics. I also provided technical support to the product manager and the sales force in the early bidding stages of the projects. Our team work was highly successful. Working on such a project was beneficial for me as I learnt a lot in terms of dealing with other departments, consultants and various major clients. I was able to overcome numerous problems arising on site. Solving the problems gave a boost to my managerial and technical skills in all aspects of designing, planning and execution of large projects. Working with this organisation This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. was an extremely rich experience for my career , I was able to understand Electrical Engineering in depth, and to apply what I had learnt in the work environment. Career Episode 2 Supply and commissioning of Electrical Engineering package for Gas production plant Name of employer: Duration: Designation: xxxxxxx, EGYPT FROM AUGUST 2001 TILL FEB 2004 Senior Project Engineer (Electrical) INTRODUCTION After working for almost two years in the design office in xxxx, I was selected to join the Project Management/ Operations Department in the designation of Senior Project Engineer. By this promotion , I was moving up in my career in Schneider Electric. The qualifications required for joining the Project Management Department included a minimum of 2 years of technical experience, and excellent communication and interpersonal skills since the nature of the job requires full interaction and coordination with all the internal departments, suppliers, clients and consultants. I joined the Project Management Department in August 2001, working mainly in the oil and gas, and export sectors. 2. 1 As described above it is a technical-commercial position. Since I already had good technical experience, I only had to enhance and strengthen my commercial / managerial capabilities. I was trained for one month on the different quotation tools, and financial aspects such as Letter of Credit, bank guarantees, logistics and incoterms. I also underwent some training courses to improve communication skills, negotiation skills, time management and problem solving capability. . 2 After one month’s training, I was quite ready and capable to take on my new challenge as a Project manager in the oil and gas market segment as well as for the export projects. In fact, the oil and gas sector is the most critical among all other market segments, since the oil and gas clients are all major international EPCs (Engineering, procurement and construction) including Bechtel, KBR, Technip. The nature of the oil and gas projects are of high technical specifications with strong safety and reliability requirements. 2. xxxxxx was invited for bidding in a major project for the supply of the complete electrical package. It was a targeted project for Schneider Electric, and we were very much interested in getting this prestigious project. 2. 4 I was appointed to handle this project in the tendering stage, and also in the order stage( in case of the project being awarded to our organization). This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. 2. General information on the project: The project was called Scarab Saffron development project for gas production, it was located in Idco – Alexandria – Egypt. The client was a consortium between ENPPI and Bechtel UK. The scope of the electrical package included supply, testing and co mmissioning of 3. 3KV Medium voltage switchgear, power transformers, Low voltage main distribution switchgears 4000A, LV MCCs (motor control centres), DC system (batteries and battery chargers), Bus duct, UPS and SCADA system (electrical distribution supervisory system), relay co-ordination and short circuit calculation studies. . 6 My main responsibility was divided into two main phases 1. Tendering phase: ? Study in depth the enquiry documents (technical and commercial). ? Finalize any clarifications on the tender documents with customer ? Prepare complete technical and commercial offer 2. Project Execution: ? Final negotiation of order commercial conditions. ? Contract review and acknowledgment ? Following up the project execution to meet the contractual obligations. ? Ensure achieving the registered gross margin and profitability for the company. Ensure high quality service for the customer and meeting the whole project schedule (the whole gas plant) and coordinating with differ ent suppliers in the project and with mechanical scope of the project. 2. 7 The main problem I was facing was that to remain competitive and win the contact for the project, and at the same time to fully comply with the specifications, keeping high quality in terms of reliability and safety (which can by no means be compromised in oil and gas industry). My only solution was the value engineering, exploring different alternatives to achieve required functions through the most cost effective ways. I started studying tender documents in details and clarified any vague points. Part of the ‘scope of work’ can be manufactured in our factory, and some equipment had to be sourced from different suppliers. I sent the request for quotations to the different suppliers, I evaluated their offers in co-ordination with our design engineers, held meetings with the suppliers to discuss their proposals and to try to optimize their offers. 2. I collected all the information on previous (similar) tenders, particularly regarding the prices of other competitors, and the main technical requirements. 2. 9 As a result, I was in a better position to set target prices for suppliers. 2. 10 Finally in 6 weeks time, and before the bidding closing date I was able, with the coordination of the design office and the sales department, to integrate a com petitive compliant technical and commercial offer for the complete electrical package. It was then reviewed and accepted by the top management prior to submitting the proposal. 2. 1 Proposals for all bidders went through technical evaluation by the client, and after three rounds of technical clarifications which took almost 2 months time, we were short listed as a technically successful bidder. 2. 12 During the technical evaluation rounds, we used one strong technical advantage in our offer which led to better positioning of our offer. This was the use of low voltage motor starters with coordination type 2. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. As per IEC standards, motor starters are classified into co-ordination type 1 and 2, They both protect people and property, however in co-ordination type 1 starter , when an electrical fault occurs due to a short circuit, the starter components have to be checked, and the circuit breaker or the contactors due to contacts welding has to be changed. In this case highly qualified maintenance staff are required. This also disrupts the continuity of service, which is very crucial in oil and gas industry, as time is needed to replace the defected components and put the starter into service again. While in co-ordination type 2, after an electrical fault occurs, the starter can be put into service again without changing any components, only slight welding of contacts might be required. Inmost cases, the fault can be easily cleared by switching on and off the contactor few times. The basic idea behind co-ordination type 2 starters is selecting an oversized contactor, and the combination of starter components (circuit breaker, contactor and overload relay) are all tested together in the manufacturer’s laboratories. So this type of coordination ensures continuity of service and does not require highly qualified technicians at site. We were offering motor starters of co-ordination type 2 to comply with the project requirements, and this was a great advantage which was not offered by all manufacturers. Then the commercial proposal was evaluated Schneider Electric Egypt was awarded this contract which was the biggest in 2003, and our combined efforts were greatly appreciated by the top management. The second bidder was 4% higher in price and the overall proposed delivery time was one month more . 2. 3 At this time I had to start the second phase which is the execution of the project. I started started by finalizing and acknowledging the purchase order. Kick-off meetings were held to start the process and I worked on getting the full technical documents and drawings approved. 2. 14 I conducted a site survey with our site services engineers so that to ensure proper coordination with the overall plant system such as civil works, mechanical works, and the environmental conditions of the plant, so we better understood the process of the plant, and were fully aware of the overall system. I also checked the overall plant completion schedule, so as to prioritize our deliveries to be in-line with the overall schedule requirements. 2. 15 During the course of the project execution, the client came up with some changes and modifications in the loads (motor ratings), which had some price and delivery impacts. I had a series of meetings with the client, and the rates and technical requirements for the variations were mutually agreed upon. 2. 16 One of technical difficulties we faced was that the client changed the electrical equipment arrangement in the electrical room. As a result the space reserved for the low voltage switchboard became insufficient, and at that time we were already in the final stage of manufacturing. The designed and approved length of the low voltage switchboard was 9900 mm, however after the change in arrangement of equipment , the available space was only 4800 mm , and the civil works and the openings in the concrete slabs had been done accordingly as per the initial design. Being in late stage of the project execution made the situation even worse. I has discussions with the client to sort out this issue. Then I had to study different solutions to comply with the available space. I had to re-design the switchboard, trying out different layouts and re-arranging the electrical component layout within the switchboard. I was also trying my best to keep the components which were already installed unchanged so as to minimize further work involved and the time required for modification. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. om – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. After 4 days of detailed study, I proposed to the customer a new layout, which was â€Å"U† shape. Also I had to change the switchboard to be of the rear connection type (cables to be connected from the rear of the panel) as this also helped in removing some of the cable ducts and hence reduce the overall width. The switchboard being a â€Å"U† shape requires 2 additional cubicles (corners) which required special design as the bus bar rating was high, 4000A. Finally, this proposal was approved by the customer, however the only remaining problem was that the time required to manufacture these 2 additional cubicles (corners) was 2 months, while delivery of the switchboard was supposed to be in 5 weeks time. So we proposed that we would deliver the switchboard partially, meaning that all the columns/cubicles will be delivered as a first batch to allow the contractor to start fixing the panels and to start cable termination, while the 2 additional corners will be supplied as a second batch. I also agreed to send our services engineer to ensure proper integration and installation of the complete switchboard at site. Also the contractor had to modify the civil works as per our recommendations. 2. 17 I attended all the witnessed FAT (factory acceptance tests), only minor modifications were required, some of these were rectified in the factory, and some others were cleared at site after delivery. 2. 18 I supervised the site activities which included the commissioning, testing and start- up of all the supplied equipment as well as testing the interface with the over-all site control system. . 18 Working on such a project for almost one and half year throughout the project life cycle has enhanced both my engineering and management skills to a great extent. It has provided me with varied experience in all aspects of project management. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for thos e looking to make the move down under. Career Episode -3 Establishing Projects management Department in the GULF region Period : Since 26th December 2004 till present Name of employer: xxxxxxx – DUBAI Designation : Senior Project Engineer (Electrical) INTRODUCTION 3. 1 xxxxxxxx is one of the major entities of the corporate organisation, keeping xxxxxx as the market leader for Low voltage and medium voltage products in the Gulf. It is also considered as one of the fastest growing subsidiaries of Schneider Electric world-wide in terms of revenue and profitability. In line with the fast growing economy and business in the gulf region, especially Dubai and Qatar, the management decided to cope with this dynamic market by bringing expertise from different Schneider entities to build a projects consultation centre (Projects Management Team). I consider it as my greatest career opportunity to be the first to join this newly created department , and play a role in establishing this type of projects business in the region, utilizing my six years of experience in Schneider Egypt. 3. I started my new position on 26th December 2005 as a Senior Projects Engineer in the projects Department which we called ‘Local Consultation Centre. 3. 3 The project management department is responsible for: ? ? ? ? Study of tenders in depth (technically and commercially). Promote Schneider’s standard solutions and packages and better position schneider’s offer in the market. Prepare technical and commercial offers for projects electrical package. Proje cts execution and follow up ensuring delivery of correct equipment on time and meeting all contractual terms. Ensure achieving the registration margins, profitability for the company. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. In addition to the above, my responsibilities included setting up the system in terms of forms, documentation, process, interface with other departments, suppliers and customers, as well as building a central database for all Gulf projects. 3. 4 In a very short time, (three months time) we were successful to win our first big project . Project Information †¢ †¢ †¢ a) b) c) d) e) f) g) Project : Al Ain Air College – District cooling plant. Customer : SNC-Lavalin Tabreed Scope of Schneider: Supply, testing, commissioning and start-up of the electrical equipment package comprising: 11KV Metal clad switchgear, with SF6 circuit breaker, 1250A, 25KA/3sec, IP41. 3. 3KV Metal clad switchgear with SF6 CB, 2500A, 25KA /3sec, IP41. Cast resin Power transformers 11KV/3. 3KV, 7MVA Cast resin Distribution transformers 11KV/0. 4KV, 2. 8MVA 3. 3KV Soft starters for chillers. LV/LV isolating transformers. Relay co-ordination study. 3. 5 At the beginning of the project I conducted 3 kick-off meetings with the client to figure out the real needs of the whole district cooling plant project as an over-all system, so that we provide the appropriate scheme and control system, in terms of power demand , ensuring proper sizing of all equipment including current transformers, circuit breakers and bus bars. We also had to prepare the completion schedule, ensuring we are in line with the overall system progress. We also confirmed the environmental data of the site which is located in Al-Ain in UAE, to make sure we are providing the appropriate equipment degree of protection IP, to provide anti-condensate heaters for humid conditions, to apply adequate de-ration factors for bus bars and circuit breakers in case of high ambient conditions (which is the case in this part of the world). 3. 6 The real difficulty, risk and challenge I was facing was our limited capabilities in terms of resources, tools and effective set- up since we were in the beginning stages of operation. I had only two engineers and a draftsman at that time, and we had to do the engineering drawings, BOQ, calculation notes and all technical documentation submittals; project contractual follow up, handling modifications by advising technical feasibility and their relevant commercial impacts on price and the delays involved. We also had to look into logistics issues such as following up with suppliers (in France and USA) and the forwarder. We also followed up financial aspects as invoicing, receivables and monitoring our margins. 3. The project execution period was approximately ten months, during this period the management was strongly supporting us to overcome any obstacles, and a real team work was taking place to secure the contract. I was very closely following with our suppliers in France, guiding them especially in the technical issues and ensuring that they meet the contractual dates. 3. 8 Our project scope was mainly divided into two major phases: a) Supply of the equipments t o the site. b) Site activities (supervision on installation, commissioning and start up). This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. om – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. After completion of the first phase, we started preparations in advance for the second phase by mobilization at project site, arranging for the tools and equipment necessary for testing. One of the main activities during commissioning is the setting of all the protective relays according to the relay coordination study that are prepared. I had to overcome a critical problem in this stage, which was the lack of upstream electrical network data and difficulty of achieving selectivity. The purpose of the relay co-ordination study is to achieve selectivity (discrimination) between different levels of the network, to ensure continuity of service and reliability. In other words, it is to set the protection relays with fault values and time values in such a way as to ensure that in case of any electrical fault , the closest circuit breaker feeding the fault will trip not the main upstream breaker, thus we can isolate the faulty section without interfering with other loads in the network. We needed the settings and type of curve of the existing upstream relay so that we can carry out the coordination study, but the client and AADC (AL Ain distribution company), confirmed that these data and documents are not available and that the upstream relay is an old fashion electro-mechanical relay supplied more than 20 years ago. I checked the upstream existing switchgear at site to get the exact type and model of the relay as well as the settings, and later with very much difficulty I found the curve characteristics on the internet. Then came the main problem, when it was found out that according to the information of the upstream relay it was impossible to achieve co-ordination since the upstream over current and time settings were very low. Initially we requested AADC to check the possibility of changing the upstream settings to the required settings. However, after they checked the complete upstream network they came back to us confirming that it is not possible to make any changes. It was a serious problem especially since the project start-up date was planned to be within a months’ time. It was quite obvious that the current or time selectivity cannot be achieved, so I was looking for an alternative solution, and after few days of checking the detailed technical manuals and catalogues of our microprocessor protective multifunction relays Sepam ( Merlin Gerin type), and the schematic drawings, I found that we can achieve logic discrimination between our provided 11Kv and 3. 3KV switchgears, since this feature is available in our provided relays. When a downstream relay senses a fault it will give a blocking digital input signal to the upstream relay to delay its tripping for an adjustable time, which is sufficient to let the downstream relay trip and isolate the fault. This solution was an alternative solution to the normal (commonly used) time and current discrimination. 3. 9 All site work was carried out in full co-ordination with different suppliers , such as chiller suppliers and generator suppliers, and the plant was successfully energized. 3. 10 Finally the project was completed and handed over to the client. The realized margin was in line with our targeted margin at the beginning of the project. Commissioning reports were also prepared and analysed for possible ways of improvement. It is also submitted to the Management for their reference, review and comments about improvement opportunities, if any. 3. 11 This project success was the main trigger and motivation for the company to decide increasing the resources and capabilities immediately to cope with the unbelievable fast moving business cycle in UAE. It was also decided to increase the scope of our activity to include supplying EMCS (energy management and control system) in 2006. This Free CDR Template is brought to your courtesy of gettingdownunder. com – Free Australian Immigration advice and resources for those looking to make the move down under. 3. 12 Working on this project was of great importance for me, since I had the chance to go through the whole cycle, preparing the quotation, negotiating the offer, awarding of contract, and execution of work at project site. During my career, I always ensure that my work is professional and ethical. 3. 13 In addition to this project, we also managed to win few more projects. Our internal set-up is now organized. CONTINUING PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT Trainings: Summer 1998 At Landis Staefa (Petrokima): included training on electrical panels manufacturing Landis Staefa controls, and participated in some running tenders (The Meredian extension project). 15th of March to 15th of June 2000: Participated in the NRTP training program at Schneider Electric Egypt: Included training in different departments (technical office, Project Management, procurement, Quality control Department, the L. V. M. V. workshops, the sales division). Courses undergone: Microsoft office including Excel, Word, Access and power point.

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay

Drinking And Dining Philosophers Philosophy Essay The Dining Philosophers and Drinking Philosophers resolution problems are of very famous and of practical importance in Distributed systems to resolve conflicts between processes. It illustrates the problem of having multiple processes contending for multiple shared resources in the same time. However, the conflict resolution between processes usually happens in favor of some process against the other (victim process). Some solutions allow the processes to enter a deadlock situation and then recover from it by choosing that victim process. In this case, it is very important to make sure that the victim process selection is not always the same to ensure some sort of fairness in the system and prevent starvation from occurring. Other solutions dont allow the system to enter a deadlock situation from the beginning and so prevent the crash from happening at the first place. In this survey paper, we will discuss some of the different proposed solutions to that very famous problem and try to compare between them and find the advantages, disadvantages, and most suitable applications for each one. Introduction: Figure1. Dining Philosophers Problem The dining philosophers problem is a very old problem in concurrent computation. It can be described as having five philosophers sitting at a circular table doing one of two things: either eating or thinking. They sit at the circular table with a bowl of spaghetti in front of each philosopher. A fork is placed between each philosopher and his neighbor. A philosopher must eat with two forks. A philosopher can only use the forks next to him. The philosophers here represent processes in a distributed system. The philosophers never interact or talk to each other (there is no communication between the processes), which brings high possibility of deadlock situation when every philosopher holds a one fork and waits for the other one which is already held by his neighboring philosopher. A deadlock situation means having a set of processes each of which is waiting for one or more resources in order to continue its execution. However, one or more required resources are held by another process in the set forming a cycle in the wait-for graph (a graph connects the set of processes each of which pointing to the process currently holding the required resource). The problem is used to illustrate having a deadlock situation in a distributed system. It reaches a deadlock situation if it reaches a cycle of requests that were not granted. In this case, 1st philosopher is waiting for a fork held by 2nd philosopher, while 2nd one is waiting for a fork held by the 3rd one and so on, making a circular chain of non-granted requests to resources. Starvation is another issue that may occur and should be taken care of when resolving the conflicts between philosophers after reaching a deadlock situation. Starvation in general means to have a specific process utilizing some resource all the time without giving the chance to other processes to use that resource. In this case, the other processes are starving. In dining philosophers problem, this happens by selecting a victim philosopher and suspending him for a small amount of time and then let him try to grab the fork again. Starvation occurs if the same philosopher is always chosen as the victim. This depends on the mechanism used to resolve the conflict and recover from the deadlock situation. Drinking Philosophers Problem is very similar to the Dining philosophers problem with some differentiations. It is assumed that a number of philosophers are sitting next to each other (imagine the same round table as the dining philosophers problem). There is a bottle between each pair of neighboring philosophers. Each philosopher can start drinking at any time (concurrent execution of processes). However, when a drinking session is about to start for a philosopher, he needs a set of bottles. This means that he may need one of the two bottles next to him (on the left or on the right) or he may need both. If he needs both bottles to drink, he cannot start drinking until he grabs both bottles (resources). A solution is needed to this problem to coordinate the requests raised by each philosopher without preventing some special cases from occurring. For example, it may happen that all the philosophers want to drink at the same time and they all ask for the bottle on their left hand side. This is a valid case which should not be prevented by the solution algorithm because this prevents the processes from executing concurrently. There have been a lot of solutions proposed to the dining philosophers problem. One of them is the Waiter solution. It is a simple solution that introduces a waiter at the table. A philosopher who is willing to grab a fork will have to ask for the waiters permission. The waiter acts as the coordinator process since he knows the status of all the philosophers (processes) and the forks (resources) and can decide which request to grant and which request to refuse if it going to allow a deadlock to occur. Another solution is the Resource Hierarchy solution. It works by numbering the resources (forks) from 1 to 5. Each philosopher can start eating by requesting the lower-numbered fork before the higher-numbered one. If granted, he can continue to ask for the higher-numbered fork. When freeing the resources (forks), he will have to free the higher-numbered fork before the lower-numbered one allowing another philosopher who has already grabbed his lower-numbered fork to grab his higher-numbered fork and start eating. One very famous solution to that problem is to not let the philosopher eat unless his two neighboring philosophers are not eating. This is done by letting the philosopher check his right neighbor, if he is not eating, he goes and check his left neighbor, if he is not eating also, then he can start eating by grabbing the two forks. However, it is not that simple because his right neighbor could start eating while he is checking his left neighbor. This is done by using Mutual Exclusion locks (Monitors). Mutual Exclusion algorithms are used in distributed systems to prevent simultaneous use of common resources by using critical sections which are pieces of code that allow the process to access that shared resource without being interrupted by any other process or an event generated by the executing process itself. Monitors are used on the functions that change the Philosophers states so it guarantees that the state of the philosopher wont change while checking the state of the second on e. This solution is very similar to the solution which states that if the philosopher have been able to grab his right fork but could not grab his left fork, he should release the right fork since grabbing it without the left fork has no benefit. In fact, it affects the philosophers right neighbor since he cannot eat because his left fork is grabbed already (without any benefit) while his right fork can be free. In order for this solution to be useful, it is needed to assure that none of the philosophers are starving. This can be done by maintaining a counter for the maximum number of times that a philosopher has been prevented from eating so that a philosopher can be prevented from picking up a fork because his neighbor is starving. In this paper, we will go through different papers that propose different solutions with different characteristics for each one. The first solution was proposed by Chandy and Misra long time ago to let an arbitrary number of agents (philosophers) to be able to contend to an arbitrary number of resources (forks) using a completely distributed starvation-free algorithm. The second one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of malicious failures using a combination of stabilization and optimal crash failure locality. The third one solves the dining philosophers problem in the presence of faulty processes in the system with a crash locality 1 using partial synchrony. Chandy / Misra Solution: This solution was proposed in 1984 to support arbitrary number of processes (philosophers) to contend to arbitrary number of resources (forks); not necessarily two forks. The algorithm is totally distributed and requires no central authority after initialization like the solutions mentioned in the introduction part of this paper. Each fork has two states, dirty or clean. Initially, all forks are dirty. Whenever two philosophers try to contend for a fork, give it to the agency with the lower ID with a dirty state at the beginning. Whenever a philosopher wants a resource that is held by another one, he should send request messages to all the philosophers having the resources he needs. When a philosopher gets a request message from a contending one, he should give the fork to him if it is dirty, and keep the fork with him in case it is clean. Whenever a philosopher gives away a fork, he changes its state to be clean and frees the resource. When a philosopher uses a clean fork for eating, it becomes dirty. This solution has other benefits as well. It allows high degree of concurrency and can be used to solve large problems since there is no constraint on the number of processes or resources contended by them in the algorithm. The algorithm also solves the starvation problem by using the clean / dirty states for forks. It acts as a preference to give the fork to the most starved philosopher and delays the philosophers who have just eaten and are requesting the fork again. This algorithm is also called the Hygienic Dining Philosophers algorithm. It is considered one of the fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers problem. It is used as a basis for many other papers and researches to develop more resolution algorithms for the dining and drinking philosophers problem. Dining Philosophers that Tolerate Malicious Crashes: A Malicious Crash is a fault in a process due to a component or environmental failure that will lead to arbitrary behavior in that process by doing a finite number of arbitrary steps and then end all its operations without informing or alerting other processes in the system. The paper models malicious crashes by combining two types of failures, Halting Failures and Transient Failures. A Halting failure occurs when the failed process does not do anything due to the failure. A special case of this failure is the initially dead process where the failed process does not do anything throughout the whole operation of the system. A transient failure perturbs the system for a finite amount of time and then leaves the system in some arbitrary state. Stabilization algorithms are used to solve this type of failures since Stabilizing algorithms are able to start from any arbitrary incorrect state of the system, brings the system to a logically correct state, and makes it continue correct operati on thereafter. a non-malicious crash is called benign crash in this paper. It is assumed in the paper that the system could be asynchronous and though it is stated in other papers that the minimum crash locality that can be achieved in case of crashes in a dining philosophers system is 2 (the distance between the farthest process affected by the crashed process and the crashed process in 2). It is also mentioned that it is very difficult to identify a crashed process from a slow one in an asynchronous system. It is known only if the failure is a fail-stop (a type of Halting Failure where other processes know when that process failed). The algorithm works by introducing a priority between each pair of processes in the dining philosophers system. This is done by assigning a direction for the link between each pair of philosophers. This direction identifies the direct ancestors and descendants of each process in the system. The directed links are assigned in such a way that prevents having cycles in the graph (the graph is acyclic). A hungry process will eat only if its direct ancestors are not hungry (maintaining priorities in the progress condition of the algorithm). Also, when a hungry process is done eating, it changes its priority to become the descendant of all its neighbors by changing the directions of the links. A deadlock is not possible to occur in this case since the algorithm would make sure that the directed links do not form a cycle in the dependency graph. Having a dependency graph may violate the liveness property if having long chains of waiting processes and one of the waiting processes crashes. The liveness property can be violated also if the dependency graph contained a cycle at any point of time. To break the cycle, each process knows about the distance between itself and its farthest descendant. If at any point in time, and in any process, that value exceeded the diameter of the system (the number of processes in the system), then this process detects a cycle and will make itself the descendant of all its neighbors to break that cycle. It is assumed that the diameter of the system is known to all processes when the system starts its operation. Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1: Crash Locality is a quantity that refers to the maximum number of neighboring processes affected by a failure that occurred in the crashing process. Optimal crash locality would be 0 (no neighboring processes affected at all) in fully synchronized systems. It usually degrades to crash locality 2 when dealing with asynchronous systems. This algorithm proposes a solution with crash locality 1 (only one neighbor is affected by a process crash) using partial synchrony in the system. Partial synchrony is a mid-level of synchrony between full synchrony and asynchrony. Full synchrony means having all the processes executing the same line of code in the same time. Asynchrony means having no connection or relation of any type between the processes while execution. Partial synchrony means to have reliable channels between the processes without the guarantee of the exact concurrent execution for all the processes. The algorithm reaches its result at the end by having all the hungry processes in the system either eating or having a crashed process in its 1-neighborhood (the processes that are direct neighbor to that process). This is achieved by using the eventually perfect failure detector -P. The failure detector would act as a distributed module where each process has access only to its own local module where it can identify if it has crashed or not. On the other hand, the detector modules communicate with each other to let each process know about the processes which have crashes. The detector may make mistakes. It can suspect a correct process to have crashes (false-positive) or not suspect a crashing process (false-negative). However, after some point, the detector will converge (said to be well-founded) and provide correct information about crashes in the system. After convergence, the detector will remain well-founded thereafter. The algorithm works using the Skepticism concept. This means that the processes within the 1-neighborhood of the crashing process would be skipped (the process is called skeptical). Also, a skeptical process should not prevent its neighbor from eating if this neighbor is hungry and is not the crashing process. In other words, if we have a crashing process, its direct neighbors would be skeptical but the direct neighbors of its direct neighbors should not be affected by the processs crash by this algorithm since our main objective is to limit the crash locality to exactly 1 (only the direct neighbors of the crashing process would be affected by the crash). The algorithm is not a fixed simple list of steps to be executed. It defines a general method for limiting the crash locality to 1 by introducing a set of steps that would depend on the dining algorithm being transformed to support the crash locality condition. However, it uses the same general concept among all the algorithms. The algorithm assumes that each philosopher is in the state of eating, hungry, or thinking. Also, a philosopher wont be eating unless he becomes hungry first. Another thing is that the transition to the thinking state occurs only from the eating state. On the other hand, a philosopher wont prevent his neighbors from eating if he was in the thinking state. This means that if there is a crashing process, and its direct neighbors are being affected by that crash, implementing and insuring that those direct neighbors are in the thinking state wont prevent the other philosophers from eating and so the dining philosophers algorithm will continue its normal execution with only 1-neighborhood philosophers of the crashing philosopher affected by that crash. Comparison: Any dining philosopher solution should maintain the following 2 conditions: Safety: No neighboring philosophers could eat in the same time. No deadlock situation should occur between the philosophers. Liveness: every hungry philosopher will eventually eat (given that no hungry philosopher will eat forever). There are a lot of algorithms that have been introduced in this field. In the previous sections of the paper, we went through 3 different dining philosophers algorithms, Hygienic Algorithm, Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1, and Dining Philosophers that tolerate malicious crashes. Each one has its own assumptions and characteristics and so is applicable in some situations or systems that other algorithms are not. The Hygienic algorithm (Chandy / Misra solution) is one of the basic and fundamental solutions to the dining philosophers. Its main advantage is that it implements the prioritization by introducing a variable with 2 possible states for each fork; clean or dirty. This insures the liveness property and that no starvation would occur since the forks would be given to the most starved process in the system. On the other hand, this algorithm does not have any way of tolerating crashes in the system or at least limiting the circle of affected processes by a crash in the system. As a result to that, this algorithm cannot be used in a fault-tolerant system or any system that is due to crashes or failures. The second algorithm in this paper is the Dining Philosophers That Tolerate Malicious Crashes. This algorithm presents a new concept by assuming that the links between the neighboring philosophers are directed which would refer to having priorities between the different processes in the system and so avoid starvation. However, this algorithm adds a very important contribution to the regular dining philosophers algorithm by combining two concepts, Stabilization and Crash Locality. Stabilization in the algorithm works by having a crash in the system (a malicious failure as defined in the paper) and the diners algorithm would continue its execution without being affected by the crash. The crash locality in this algorithm is limited to 2. This means that maximum distance between the crashed process and the farthest affected process by that crash is 2. The algorithm works in asynchronous model of the system where no synchrony of any mean is existing between the processes in the system (every process will execute its code without knowledge about execution of every other process). The third algorithm in this paper is Dining Philosophers with Crash Locality 1. This algorithm uses Failure Detectors. A Failure Detector is a program that will eventually (after multiple runs) identify failures in the processes in the system and can inform all the other processes about the crashed process. By using this failure detector, the algorithm is able to identify the location of the crashed process and so can identify its direct neighbors. Assuming that each process is in the state of eating, thinking, or hungry, it forces the direct neighbors of the crashed process to be in the thinking state in order not to prevent their neighbors from eating and so the processes in the system will continue their execution perfectly. Note that as a part of any dining philosophers algorithm, a process cannot be in the thinking state unless it was in the eating state before. This transition is also maintained by the algorithm. By introducing some additional set of steps to the original dining philosophers algorithm, the new algorithm limits the crash locality to 1 using the previously mentioned mechanism. The additional set of steps added to do that is dependent upon the original algorithm being transformed. The paper provides transformation for 3 main dining philosophers algorithms: Asynchronous Doorway Algorithm, Hierarchical Resource Allocation Algorithm, and Hygienic Dining Philosophers Algorithm which is the first algorithm we talked about in this survey. The algorithm assumes that the system is supported by partial synchrony (not necessarily executing the same step in the same time, but there is a reliable communication channels between neighbors). Conclusion: As discussed in this paper, the dining and drinking philosophers problem is a very old and important problem in the distributed computing field. It was first introduced by Dijkstra and then used by many other researches as a general problem for illustrating mutual exclusion and resource sharing and allocation problem. A lot of algorithms have been introduced to resolve this problem with many options and assumptions which makes each proposed algorithm suitable for specific applications. In this paper, we have introduced the problem with some of the fundamental and very old solutions for it in the Introduction section. Then, we introduced 3 main algorithms for dining philosophers problem resolution. The first one is the Hygienic algorithm (Misra / Chandy solution). It is one of the first algorithms proposed for this problem. It has crash tolerance mechanism but provides priorities between processes and prevents starvation in the system. The second algorithm was a dining philosophers algorithm that tolerates malicious crashes. The algorithm works in an asynchronous system of processes and makes sure that the dining philosophers system wont crash even if a malicious crash hit a process in the system. This is done by having virtual directed links between neighboring processes to have sort of prioritization between the processes provided that the directed links should not form a cycle at all. The third algorithm was the dining philosophers with crash locality 1. This algorithm combines stabilization by allowing the system to have a crashed process while the system continues to operate correctly. Also, it provides a limit on the maximum number of processes affected by any crash in any process (Crash Locality) to be the direct neighbors of the crashing process only without letting the crash affect any other process in the system. At the end, we have combined them together into one section to list the advantages, disadvantages, assumptions, and best suitable application for each algorithm included in this paper in the comparison section.